Ons bridge 20216/25/2023 population being comprised of individuals from these groups ( Smiley et al., 2018 U.S. The impact of early nursing education segregation and disparities is still evident only 19.9% of RNs self-identify as members of underrepresented racial and ethnic groups despite about 39.3% of the U.S. Subsequently, the National Black Nurses Association was established in 1971 and continues today. At the time of the integration, Black nurses were not allowed to hold office in ANA. However, Mabel Staupers, RN, the executive director of NACGN at the time, voiced concerns about the integration experience and cited it as tokenism ( Vaughan, 1997). In 1951, the NACGN and American Nurses Association (ANA) merged. In the 1940s, Black nurses were trained in 32 all-Black schools and 14 desegregated schools, and they fought for the opportunity to serve in the U.S. The National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN) was founded in 1908 and was comprised of 1,200 members by the 1940s ( Vaughan, 1997). The first school for Black nurses was established by the Provident Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, in 1891. Black nurses were primarily trained in Black colleges and took care of patients in Black hospitals or segregated sections of prominently White hospitals, all of which lacked equal resources. The profession of nursing is rooted in structural racism because it developed during the time of racial segregation and the legal doctrine of separate but equal. In addition, the role of nurses was not yet respected, and they were instead seen as subservient handmaidens ( Kalisch & Kalisch, 1995). Black nurses were working to claim their new place in society following the Emancipation Proclamation. Black nurses faced two significant obstacles in the 1860s. The influence of structural racism is evident in the development of nursing education and the nursing profession, which has a long history of racism and segregation.
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